Correlation analysis and breeding application of agronomic traits and quality indexes in Dendrobium nobile / 中国中药杂志

The present study aimed to explore the correlation between agronomic traits and quality indexes of Dendrobium nobile and its application value in agricultural breeding. The cultivated strains of D. nobile in Hejiang-Chishui producing areas were extensively collected,and the main agronomic traits and quality indexes were measured. The agronomic traits with significant correlation with quality indexes were screened out by the correlation analysis,and then the parental lines and self-bred F_1 generation plants were furtherverified. Among 96 lines of D. nobile,the content of soluble polysaccharides showed a significant negative correlation with dendrobine( P < 0. 01),and no significant correlation with agronomic traits in stems and leaves. The content of dendrobine exhibited a significant positive correlation with the stem width-thickness ratio( at the largest cross section; P < 0. 01),and no significant correlation with other agronomic traits. Regression analysis further verified the positive correlation between dendrobine content and stem width-thickness ratio( R2> 0. 9). Two lines,JC-10 and JC-35,with significant differences in stem width-thickness ratio were screened out( P <0. 05). The corresponding F1 generation plants by self-pollination both showed that the dendrobine content was higher with greater stem width-thickness ratio( P < 0. 01). The experimental results suggested that within a certain range,the dendrobine content was higher in D. nobile with flatter stem. Therefore,in the breeding of D. nobile,this specific trait could be used for screening plants with high content of quality indexes such as dendrobine.

Study on neuroprotection of α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone for anti-Parkinson's disease in vitro and in vivo / 中国药理学通报

Aim To discuss the neuroprotection of an-tioxidant α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone ( PBN) in Par-kinson's disease ( PD) model. Methods The neuro-protective effects of PBN was explored on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine ( MPP+/MPTP ) induced PD models through a chemical releasing of free radicals in neurons and in vivo. Results PBN significantly scavenged chemical derived free radicals, reduced MPP+induced SH-SY5Y injury and enhanced neurons' viability. In MPTP induced PD model, PBN significantly enhanced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH)-positive do-pamine ( DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, restored the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, and raised striatal contents of DA and its metabolites. Conclusion PBN has a potent neuroprotective effect against MPP+/MPTP induced PD models.

Influence of Familiarity on Energy Intake and Plasma Gut Hormone Concentration in Lean and Overweight Young Male Students / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study is to examine the influence of familiarity on energy intake, eating behavior, and concentration of the plasma gut hormones in lean and overweight young male subjects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-eight lean and twenty-eight overweight participants were recruited. Their food consumption was documented and analyzed when they had a test meal while they were paired with friends or strangers at the same weight stature. Their eating behavior was recorded with cameras hidden in the carton, and postprandial plasma gut hormone concentration were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with overweight strangers (OS), overweight friends (OF) had increased food consumption, prolonged and decreased number of chews per 10 g food. Compared with OS, postprandial plasma concentration of cholecystokinin-8 was significantly lower in OF group at 30, 60, and 90 min, whereas the concentration of glucagon-like peptide 1 was significantly lower at 60 and 90 min. Plasma ghrelin concentration was significantly higher in the OF group than that in the OS group at 90 and 120 min. No significant differences in gut hormone concentration were observed between lean strangers (LS) and lean friends (LF) groups at all time points.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Familiarity plays an important role in increasing energy intake and in changing of postprandial gut hormone concentration in overweight individuals.</p>

ZM-66, a new podophyllotoxin derivative inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in K562/ADM cells / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the anti-tumor effect of ZM-66 on multidrug-resistant leukemic cell line K562/ADM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The K562/ADM cells were treated with varying concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4 × 10⁻³ mmol/L) of ZM-66 or etoposide for 24 hours. The proliferation was detected by Sulforhodamine B Sodium Salt (SRB) assay and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry analysis and fluorescent staining. In addition, the expression levels of p53 and bax genes in K562/ADM cells were detected by RT-PCR analysis. The level of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), P53 and Bax protein in K562/ADM cells were detected by Western blot assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SRB assay demonstrated that etoposide had little inhibitory effect on K562/ADM cells, whereas ZM-66 (1, 2, 4 × 10⁻³ mmol/L) had significantly inhibitory effect on K562/ADM cells (all P<0.01). The acridine orange/propidium iodide dual staining showed that there were typical condensation of chromatin and nuclear fragmentation nuclei with red color in ZM-66 treated cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that there was a significantly increase of apoptotic cells in K562/ADM cells after treated with ZM-66. RT-PCR showed that the p53 and bax mRNA expression levels in K562/ADM cells treated with ZM-66 at 1, 2, 4 × 10⁻³ mmol/L were higher than those in the cell without treatment. Western blot showed that the P53 and Bax protein expression levels in K562/ADM cells treated with ZM-66 at 2, 4 × 10⁻³ mmol/L were higher than those in the cell without treatment. But the P-gp protein expression level in K562/ADM cells treated with ZM-66 at 2, 4 × 10⁻³ mmol/L was gradually lower than those in the cell without treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ZM-66 is able to induce cell death by apoptosis in vitro, as a result of the reverse of the apoptosis resistance in drug-resistant K562/ADM cells by modulating expression of key factors associated with apoptosis induction.</p>

Case-control study on therapeutic effects between posterior corpectomy, decompression and reconstruction and combined anterior-posterior surgery for the treatment of severe thoracolumbar fractures with incomplete paraplegia / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the clinical outcome between posterior corpectomy, decompression and reconstruction and combined anterior-posterior surgery in the treatment of severe thoracolumbar three column fractures with incomplete paraplegia, and to provide a basis for procedure selection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical and radiographic results of posterior corpectomy, decompression and reconstruction (group A) and combined anterior-posterior surgery (group B) in the treatment of severe thoracolumbar three column fractures with incomplete paraplegia were analyzed retrospectively from January 2008 to December 2012. In group A, there were 18 patients (10 males and 8 females). The fractures were located on T11 in 1 case, T12 in 5 cases, L1 in 6 cases and L2 in 6 cases. In group B, there were 15 patients (9 males and 6 females). The fractures were located on T1 in 1 case, T12 in 5 cases, L1 in 5 cases and L2 in 4 cases. Neurological status was judged by Frankel grades. The X-ray and CT were used for evaluation of the restoration of anterior height of the fractured vertebral body, the correction of Cobbs angle, the decompression scope of spinal canal and the fusion. Complications related to operation were also considered. Results: The followup periods ranged from 12 to 18 months (averaged 16 months). The mean operation time, perioperative bleeding, postoperative drainage were (200 ± 43) min, (1100 ± 344) ml, and (400 ± 112) ml respectively in group A; and (290 ± 68) min, (1 500 ± 489) ml, (900 ± 269) ml respectively in group B. There was statistically significant difference between groups A and B (P < 0.05). There were significant improvements in anterior height of fractured vertebral body and Cobbs angle after operation. But there was no significant difference between groups A and B (P > 0.05). In Frankel grades, all patients had one grade or more improvement postoperatively. There was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment of thoracolumbar vertebra burst fractures with subtotal vertebrectomy, decompression and reconstruction of anterior column through posterior approach has a similar clinical result compared to the operation through combined anterior and posterior approach, but the posterior surgery decreased surgical trauma. It is an effective and safe surgical method.</p>

Surgical treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis by anterior debridement,bone graft,and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effectiveness of anterior debridement,bone graft, and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation in the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2005 to June 2012,18 patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis undergoing the surgical treatment by anterior debridement, bone graft, and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation were reviewed retrospectively. There were 12 males and 6 females with an average age of 44 years old ranging from 35 to 67. Among them, 2 cases were simple low back pain,3 cases were low back pain combined with radiating pain of lower extremity and 13 cases were muscle strength hypesthesia. According to Fankle grading,the nerve function was grade C in 3 cases,grade D in 10 cases,grade E in 5 cases. Of these cases,L4.5 was involved in 8 cases,L5 in 4 cases and L5S1 in 6 cases. The lumbosacral angle was 150 to 270 and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 45 to 93 mm/h before treatment. The clinical indexes including the lumbosacral incidence, Frankel grade and ESR were reviewed at follow-up.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 18 cases were followed up for 14 to 22 months. The mean operation time was 180 min. The amount of bleeding was 400 to 800 ml. Except 1 case with iliac vein injuried and 4 cases with abdominal distension,no spinal injuries and severe relative complication occurred, and neurologic function improved in various degrees. Pain in lumbosacral area and radicular pain in lower extremities disappeared. The X-ray and CT films demonstrated that bony fusion was obtained in all patients during 9 to 13 months postoperatively. The lumbosacral angle and ESR were improved significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Anterior debridement, bone graft, and posterior pedicle screw-rod internal fixation is an effective method in dealing with lumbosacral spine tuberculosis.</p>

Application of urinary proteomics in early diagnosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the difference in urinary proteome between patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) and healthy volunteers and to provide a basis for the early diagnosis of BUC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The urine samples from BUC patients and healthy volunteers (controls) were treated by 25% ethanol precipitation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and the obtained urinary proteins were subjected to Coomassie brilliant blue staining and analysis by PDQuest 8.0 (2-DE image analysis software); the differentially expressed proteins were sequenced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and identified using the Swiss-Prot database; the differential expression of these proteins was verified by western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>High-resolution and high-reproducibility 2-DE images were obtained from the urine samples of BUC patients and controls, with 789 ± 18 and 762 ± 14 protein spots, respectively. Compared with the control group, the BUC grouP had significantly decreased expression of 6 protein spots and significantly increased expression of 11 protein spots. The mass spectrometry revealed five proteins with increased expression in the BUC group, including fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase B, apolipoprotein A1, clusterin, and haptoglobin, and the results were confirmed by western blot.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is significant difference in urinary proteome between BUC patients and healthy volunteers; the identification of differentially expressed proteins in urine lays the foundation for identifying potential molecular markers in early diagnosis of BUC.</p>

Significance of apolipoprotein A1 as biomarker for early diagnosis and classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the significance of apolipoprotein (Apo)-A1 in urine as a biomarker for early diagnosis and classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Urine samples were divided into four groups: normal control group, benign bladder disease group, low-grade malignant BUC group, and high-grade malignant BUC group. Apo-A1, which showed significantly different expression among the four groups, was selected according to the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) images of the four groups, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify Apo-A1 in the four groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated, and the optimal operating points on the ROC curve were found to determine the critical concentrations of Apo-A1 for early diagnosis of BUC and differentiation of low-grade and high-grade malignant BUC. The results were verified clinically, and the specificity and sensitivity were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 2-DE images showed that that the level of Apo-A1 increased from the normal control grouP to high-grade malignant BUC group. The ELISA showed that there was no significant difference in Apo-A1 level between the normal control grouP and benign bladder disease group, but the Apo-A1 level was significantly higher in the BUC groups than in the normal control grouP and benign bladder disease grouP (P < 0.01); the high-grade BUC grouP had a significantly higher Apo-A1 level than the low-grade BUC grouP (P < 0.01). The BUC patients and those without BUC could be differentiated with an Apo-A1 concentration of 18.22 ng/ml, while the low-grade and high-grade malignant BUC could be differentiated with an Apo-A1 concentration of 29.86 ng/ml. When used as a biomarker, Apo-A1 had a sensitivity of 91.6% (98/107) and a specificity of 85.7% (42/49) for diagnosis of BUC and had a sensitivity of 83.7% (41/49) and a specificity of 89.7% (52/58) for BUC classification.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Apo-A1 may be a biomarker for early diagnosis and classification of BUC and shows promise for clinical application.</p>

Preventive effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on multiple organ edema in the rats of limb ischemia/reperfusion / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the preventive effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) on multiple organ edema in the rats which suffered from hind limb ischemia/reperfusion( LI/R).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty four Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8): control group (C group), ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R group ), Salvia miltiorrhiza group (SM group). Referring to Tourniquet method, the model rats which underwent 4 hours ischemia and 4 hours reperfusion of hind limbs were made. Thirty minutes before reperfusion, SM was given to the rats in SM group by tail vein injection at the dose of 5 mL/kg. Accurately weighed one gram of heart, liver, kidney, lung, brain, intestine and skeletal muscle from every animals, weigh these specimens after baking (60 degrees C, 55 hours), calculated the ratio of wet and dry (Wet/Dry,W/D). The levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) ,interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in plasma and the contents of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) were measured. The morphologic changes of skeletal muscle were observed with microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was found that after suffering from ischemia/reperfusion, the W/D of every specimens increased in different degree (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In plasma, the values of SOD decreased but MDA increased obviously (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The levels of IL-1, IL-6 ,TNF-alpha-a in plasma increased (P < 0.05, P <0.01). After LI/R, infiltration of inflammatory cells, broaden interstitial around muscle fiber and disordered arrangement of muscle fibers could be seen under microscope. However, Compared with LI/R group, W/D and levels of serum inflammatory factors in SM group were all lower, the values of SOD in plasma increased but MDA in plasma failed down. Pathological changes in skeletal muscle were improved.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Limb ischemia/reperfusion can lead to multiple organ edema, Salvia miltiorrhiza can prevent the edema in some degree by anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.</p>

Acupuncture for post-stroke depression: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for post-stroke depression (PSD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The randomized, double-blind control study was designed. 43 post-stroke patients with current major depression episode (DSM-IV) were randomly assigned to an observation group (23 cases) and a control group (20 cases). The conventional symptomatic, supportive and anti-infection treatment in neurological internal medicine was applied to all of the cases in two groups. In observation group, acupuncture was applied to Baihui (GV 20), Yintang (EX-HN 3), Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Taichong (LR 3), etc. Additionally, the placebo was taken orally. In control group, acupuncture was applied to non-acupoint spots (5 mm lateral to the acupoints selected in observation group) with shallow needling technique. Moreover, Fluoxetine was taken orally. The treatment lasted for 6 weeks. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Asberg antidepressant side effect scale (ASES), adverse response of acupuncture and efficacy were compared between two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate was 73.9% (17/23) in observation group and was 80.0% (16/20) in control group, indicating equivalent efficacy between two groups. After treatment, HAMD score was reduced remarkably as compared with that before treatment in two groups (P < 0.05). ASES scores in 4 weeks of treatment and after treatment in observation group and ASES score after treatment in control group were reduced remarkably as compared with those before treatment (all P < 0.05). ASES scores in 4 weeks of treatment and after treatment in observation group were reduced much more remarkably as compared with those in control group (both P < 0.05). The incidences of adverse response of acupuncture were 13.0% (3/23) and 15.0% (3/20) respectively in observation group and control group, indicating that the adverse response was transient and had not recurred after symptomatic measures.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acupuncture for PSD is as effective as fluoxetine, without obvious drug-induced adverse reaction involved.</p>

Primary study on changes of serum proteomics in rabbit superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explor the changes of serum proteomics in rabbits superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) shock as well as its possible effect in SMAO shock.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SMAO shock model in rabbits were induced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, serum samples were obtained from rabbits before and after SMAO shock, proteins in samples were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE), spots in the 2-DE map were detected and evaluated by PDQuest software 8.0. The spots with different expression level were subjected to matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS) for identification, the protein database was searched to further characterized the differential proteins.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>19 differential protein spots were screened out in the 2-DE maps, 11 proteins were up-regulated and 8 proteins were down-regulated in SMAO shock rabbits' s serum. 4 of the 19 differential protein spots were selected for MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS study, and 2 of the 4 differential protein spots were identified satisfactoryly as paraoxonase and haptoglobin, which content were increased in rabbits' s serum after SMAO shock.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Serum proteomics of rabbit change remarkablely before and after SMAO shock, paraoxonase and haptoglobin may be associated with the compensation after SMAO shock.</p>

Bone morphogenetic protein expression in distraction osteogenesis correction for cleft palate in Rhesus monkeys / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression and distribution of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in newly formed bone by distraction osteogenesis (DO), and to explore the mechanism of the DO bone formation and remodeling.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cleft palate (CP) experimental animal models (23 Rhesus monkeys) were established surgically. In experimental group (21 Rhesus monkeys), the palatal defects were corrected by means of DO at the rhythm of 0.4 mm twice per day. The specimens were retrieved under euthanasia at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 weeks intervals respectively in retention period. BMP immunohistochemical study was then performed. The blank control and experimental group (each of 2 animals) were set for comparison study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The immunohistochemical study showed that BMP existed mainly in cytoplasma of osteoblasts, during the process of new bone formation. In early stage of 1 or 2 weeks, abundant osteoblasts aggregating on surfaces of the new bone trabeculae with positive DAB dye were observed. Through 4 to 6 weeks, the proliferative osteoblasts with very strong positive DAB dye indicating BMP expression were recorded. From 8 to 12 weeks, the expression of BMP and quantity of osteoblasts decreased gradually while more matured new bone structures were observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>During the whole retention period, the expression of BMP showed a tendency from weak to strong and then to final cessation, this indicated a process of formation, remodeling and maturation of osteogenesis.</p>

Effect of nerve growth factor on adhesion and motional abilities of tumor cells and their correlation / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect on adhesion and motion capbilities of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), by detecting the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), E-cadherin (E-cad) and S100A4 and the clinical significance in ACC tissues and analyzing the relationships between them with perineural invasion (PNI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of NGF, E-cad and S100A4 in ACC was detected with the way of immunohistochemistry SP, and then analyzing the expression level of them in different pathological types and histological regions in statistical ways on the basis of their relation with clinical and pathological parameters.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of NGF and S100A4 in PNI group [88% (23/26) and 77% (20/26)], was higher than that in NPNI group (8/16 and 7/16, P < 0.05), and a positive correlation between them was identified in PNI group (r = 0.316, P < 0.05). However the E-cad expression was lower in PNI group [31% (8/26), P < 0.05]. On the other hand it suggested a negative correlation with NGF (r = 0.385, P < 0.05) as well as that with S100A4 (r = -0.612, P = 0.000). The expression level of NGF in fasciculus [83% (25/30)] has significant deviation compared with it in distant tumor tissues [47% (14/30), P < 0.05].</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the PNI process of ACC, NGF plays important parts but not the only factor. It can increase the expression and activity of S100A4 but decrease E-cad expression through binding with its receptor. Thus, adhesion abilities of tumor cells was weakened and motional abilities was strengthen.</p>

Experimental research of prevention and therapy effect of anisodamine on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study preventive and therapeutic effect of anisodamine on acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) induced by oleic acid and their mechanism of action.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Model of ARDS was made in rabbits by oleic acid (OA). The effect of anisodamine on the malondialdehyde (MDA), fibronectin (FN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in plasma, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocyte and MDA, SOD and pulmonary surfactant (PS) in lung tissues homogenate and pathological examination of lung were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The administration of anisodamine before and after 30 minutes of injection OA decreased MDA, LDH and ACP, prevented the reduction of SOD, FN and PS. Compared with ARDS group, there was marked difference between the two, and alleviated lung injury.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Anisodamine possesses preventive and therapeutic effects on ARDS by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and stabilizing membranes.</p>

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 and alkaline phosphatase in the reconstruction of cleft palate with distraction osteogenesis in rhesus / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the osteogenesis mechanism by analysis of the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the reconstruction of cleft palate (CP) with distraction osteogenesis (DO) in rhesus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The CP animal models were established surgically. 21 rhesus in experimental group underwent DO to close the soft and bony defect, followed by consolidations. Every 3 animals were killed and the specimen were taken out after consolidation of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 weeks. The mRNA of IGF-1 and ALP were detected with Real-time RT-PCR technique. The expression of IGF-1 and ALP was quantitatively analyzed by ELISA. The results were compared with those in control and sham groups (each of 2 animals), respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Since consolidation, the mRNA of IGF-1 and ALP increased significantly at one week and reached the peak at two weeks, but decrease to control level after 12 weeks of consolidation. The expression of IGF-1 also increased to peak level after two weeks of consolidation. The expression of ALT increased significantly since consolidation and reach the peak value after six weeks. They all decreased to nearly control level after 8-12 weeks.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The palate cleft can be successfully closed with new formed bone after DO. The mechanism of bone consolidation is intramembranous bone formation.</p>

Semi-rigid thoracoscopy for undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions: a comparative study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Thoracoscopy is highly sensitive and accurate for detecting pleural effusions. However, most respiratory physicians are not familiar with the use of the more common rigid thoracoscope or the flexible bronchoscope, which is difficult to manipulate within the pleural cavity. The semi-rigid thoracoscope combines the best features of the flexible and rigid instruments. Since the practice with this instrument is limited in China, the diagnostic utility of semi-rigid thoracoscopy (namely medical thoracoscopy) under local anesthesia for undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions was evaluated.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 50 patients with undiagnosed pleural effusions who were studied retrospectively, 23 received routine examinations between July 2004 and June 2005 and the rest 27 patients underwent medical thoracoscopy during July 2005 and June 2006. Routine examinations of the pleural effusions involved biochemistry and cytology, sputum cytology, and thoracentesis. The difference in diagnostic sensitivity, costs related to pleural fluid examination and complications were compared directly between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Medical thoracoscopy revealed tuberculous pleurisy in 6 patients, adenocarcinoma in 7, squamous-cell carcinoma in 2, metastatic carcinoma in 3, mesothelioma in 2, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1, and others in 4. Only 2 patients could not get definite diagnoses. Diagnostic efficiency of medical thoracoscopy was 93% (25/27). Only 21% patients were diagnosed after routine examinations, including parapneumonic effusion in 2 patients, lung cancer in 2 and undetermined metastatic malignancy in 1. Twelve patients with tuberculous pleurisy were suspected by routine examination. Costs related to pleural effusion testing showed no difference between the two groups (P=0.114). Twenty-three patients in the routine examination group underwent 97 times of thoracentesis. Two pleural infection patients and 2 pneumothorax patients were identified and received antibiotic treatment and drainage. Medical thoracoscopy could be well tolerated by all the patients. The semi-rigid thoracoscope could be easily controlled by chest physicians. The most common complication was transient chest pain (20 of 27 patients) from the indwelling chest tube, which would be managed with conventional analgesics. One case of subcutaneous emphysema and 2 cases of postoperative fever were self-limiting. No severe complications occurred.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Medical thoracoscopy is a simple, safe, and cost-effective tool, with a high positive rate. Physicians should extend its access to proper patients if the facilities for medical thoracoscopy are available.</p>

The affection and significance of NO on the expression of P-selectin in renal injury following hind limb ischemia/reperfusion in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To probe into the affection and significance of NO on the expression of P-selectin in renal injury following hind limb ischemia/reperfusion in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In accordance with the conventional approaches of our department, the model rats were prepared after they were made to undergo 4 hours or ischemia followed by 4 hours of reperfusion of hind limbs. The Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly: Control group, LI/R group, L-Arg group and L-NAME group. And then in those four groups of Wistar rats, a series of values of measurement were determined such as: Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Furthermore, biochemically there came to the assessment of the values including myeloperoxidase (MPO), NO, total nitric oxide synthase (tNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and constitutive NOS (cNOS) of renal tissue in different groups. By the methods of electrophoresis and biochemistry, the urine protein was mensurated. The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of P-selectin protein. The morphologic changes were observed with a microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After hind limbs had suffered from ischemia/reperfusion for 4 hours, there was the occurrence of a series of results such as in the following which were based on the comparison between plasm of LI/R group and control group. The values of NO, BUN and Cr increased significantly, and the trend of indexes such as NO in renal tissue was similar to that in plasma. The values of MPO, tNOS and iNOS in renal tissue all increased significantly after reperfusion, while cNOS decreased distinctly. The urine protein appeared, especially large molecular weight protein. Renal pathology revealed that after LI/R there were edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN). Immunohistochemically, the expression of P-selectin was upregulated significantly. Compared with LI/R rats, all injury changes were alleviated in L-Arg group. Morphologic changes were mild. Both the content of urine protein and the percentage of apoptosis cell decreased. The expression of P-selectin was downregulated. In L-NAME group, all injury changes got worse. Immunohistochemical results showed strong positive staining of P-selectin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The renal injury after LI/R may relate to the strong expression of P-selectin. NO may have protective affection by decreasing the expression of P-selectin and alleviating the adhesion, aggregation and infiltration of neutrophils.</p>

Effects of PKC activation on apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion in L-6TG rat skeletal myoblasts / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effects of PKC activation on apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion in L-6TG rat skeletal myoblasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cultured L-6TG cells were divided into 3 groups: control group (C), ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R), PMA + ischemia/ reperfusion group (PMA), SOD, XOD and free calcium and mitochondrial respiration in L-6TG cell were evaluated in each group. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometer with PI staining method and agarose gel electrophoresis, the immunohistochemical method was used to determine the expression of caspase-3.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with I/R group, in PMA group, XOD , free calcium in L-6TG cell and apoptotic percentage all decreased significantly, while SOD and mitochondrial respiration in L-6TG cell increased. DNA fragmentation analysis of L-6TG cell showed no laddering pattern. The expression of caspase-3 was down regulated significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Activation of PKC can lessen ischemia/reperfusion injury and apoptosis through lessening oxidative injury and mitochondrial injury, adjusting calcium dyshomeostasis and down expression of caspase-3.</p>

A cell model of ischemia/reperfusion injury on skeletal muscle / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To establish a model of ischemia/reperfusion injury on L-6TG cell.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cultured L-6TG cells were divided into 2 groups: control group (C), ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R), LDH in culture fluid, SOD, XOD, free calcium in L-6TG cell and mitochondria respiration were evaluated in each group, the micromorphologic changes were observed with microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with control group, after L-6TG cell suffered ischemia 4 hours and reperfusion 4 hours, LDH in culture fluid, XOD, free calcium in L-6TG cell all increased significantly, while SOD in L-6TG cell and mitochondrial respiration decreased, structural damage to L-6TG cell was severe.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Using mimicking ischemic solution and mimicking reperfusion solution can successfully establish a model of ischemia/reperfusion injury on L-6TG cell.</p>

The effect of NO, ET-1 on brain injury after hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and ET-1 in brain injury after hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion in rats and to investigate the effect of NO/ ET-1 balance on brain injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On a model of the hind limbs ischemia/reperfusion (LI/R) of rats, we used L-Arg(L-arginine, L-Arg), one of the substrates in the process of nitric oxide, aminoguanidine (AG) which inhibits nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and ETA receptor antagonist BQ123, to observe the changes of NO, ET-1, MDA, XOD, SOD, LDH in plasma and tNOS, iNOS, cNOS, NO, ET-1, MDA, XOD, MPO, SOD in brain tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the content of MDA, XOD, LDH in plasma and MDA, XOD, MPO in brain tissue increased. The activity of SOD decreased (P < 0.01). The content of tNOS, iNOS in brain tissue increased, cNOS decreased (P < 0.01). The content of NO, ET-1 in I/R group in plasma and brain tissue increased, the ratio of NO/ET-1 decreased. The brain injury was deteriorated. After using L-Arg and BQ123, the ratio of NO/ET-1 in plasma and brain tissue increased, the brain injury lightened. Whereas after using AG, the ratio of NO/ET-1 decreased, brain injury became more serious.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The NO/ET-1 ratio decreased after LI/R, brain injury became more serious.</p>